only opportunities for expansion lay in the east. Such an expansion is attested only for the neighboring city of Sidon, which in the first century had a common border with Damascus (cf. Ant. 18.153). Although King Herod had known how to keep on good terms with Tyre, the other Herodian princes lived in tension with that city. Herod Agrippa, while still a “private citizen,” had supported the interests of Damascus against Sidon (Ant. 18.153–54). As king he carried on a veritable economic war against
Page 77